;; -*- Mode: Lisp -*-


;; Basics

(translation-unit
   -> (? declaration-seq)
   -> (? global-module-fragment) module-declaration (? declaration-seq) (? private-module-fragment))


;; Expressions

(primary-expression
   -> :literal
   -> "this"
   -> "(" expression ")"
   -> id-expression
   -> lambda-expression
   -> fold-expression
   -> requires-expression)

(id-expression
   -> unqualified-id
   -> qualified-id)

(unqualified-id
   -> :identifier
   -> operator-function-id
   -> conversion-function-id
   -> literal-operator-id
   -> "~" type-name
   -> "~" decltype-specifier
   -> template-id)

(qualified-id
   -> nested-name-specifier (? "template") unqualified-id)

(nested-name-specifier
   -> "::"
   -> type-name "::"
   -> namespace-name "::"
   -> decltype-specifier "::"
   -> nested-name-specifier :identifier "::"
   -> nested-name-specifier (? "template") simple-template-id "::")

(lambda-expression
   -> lambda-introducer (? attribute-specifier-seq) lambda-declarator compound-statement
   -> lambda-introducer "<" template-parameter-list ">" (? requires-clause) (? attribute-specifier-seq)
      lambda-declarator compound-statement)

(lambda-introducer
   -> "[" (? lambda-capture) "]")

(lambda-declarator
   -> lambda-specifier-seq (? noexcept-specifier) (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? trailing-return-type)
   -> noexcept-specifier (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? trailing-return-type)
   -> (? trailing-return-type)
   -> "(" parameter-declaration-clause ")" (? lambda-specifier-seq) (? noexcept-specifier) (? attribute-specifier-seq)
      (? trailing-return-type) (? requires-clause))

(lambda-specifier
   -> "consteval"
   -> "constexpr"
   -> "mutable"
   -> "static")

(lambda-specifier-seq
   -> lambda-specifier
   -> lambda-specifier lambda-specifier-seq)

(lambda-capture
   -> capture-default
   -> capture-list
   -> capture-default "," capture-list)

(capture-default
   -> "&"
   -> "=")

(capture-list
   -> capture
   -> capture-list "," capture)

(capture
   -> simple-capture
   -> init-capture)

(simple-capture
   -> :identifier (? "...")
   -> "&" :identifier (? "...")
   -> "this"
   -> "*" "this")

(init-capture
   -> (? "...") :identifier initializer
   -> "&" (? "...") :identifier initializer)

(fold-expression
   -> "(" cast-expression fold-operator "..." ")"
   -> "(" "..." fold-operator cast-expression ")"
   -> "(" cast-expression fold-operator "..." fold-operator cast-expression ")")

(fold-operator
   -> (or "+"
          "-"
          "*"
          "/"
          "%"
          "^"
          "&"
          "|"
          "<<"
          ">>"
          "+="
          "-="
          "*="
          "/="
          "%="
          "^="
          "&="
          "|="
          "<<="
          ">>="
          "="
          "=="
          "!="
          "<"
          ">"
          "<="
          ">="
          "&&"
          "||"
          ","
          ".*"
          "->*"))

(requires-expression
   -> "requires" (? requirement-parameter-list) requirement-body)

(requirement-parameter-list
   -> "(" parameter-declaration-clause ")")

(requirement-body
   -> "{" requirement-seq "}")

(requirement-seq
   -> requirement
   -> requirement requirement-seq)

(requirement
   -> simple-requirement
   -> type-requirement
   -> compound-requirement
   -> nested-requirement)

(simple-requirement
   -> expression ";")

(type-requirement
   -> "typename" (? nested-name-specifier) type-name ";")

(compound-requirement
   -> "{" expression "}" (? "noexcept") (? return-type-requirement) ";")

(return-type-requirement
   -> "->" type-constraint)

(nested-requirement
   -> "requires" constraint-expression ";")

(postfix-expression
   -> primary-expression
   -> postfix-expression "[" (? expression-list) "]"
   -> postfix-expression "(" (? expression-list) ")"
   -> simple-type-specifier "(" (? expression-list) ")"
   -> typename-specifier "(" (? expression-list) ")"
   -> simple-type-specifier braced-init-list
   -> typename-specifier braced-init-list
   -> postfix-expression "." (? "template") id-expression
   -> postfix-expression "->" (? "template") id-expression
   -> postfix-expression "++"
   -> postfix-expression "--"
   -> "dynamic_cast" "<" type-id ">" "(" expression ")"
   -> "static_cast" "<" type-id ">" "(" expression ")"
   -> "reinterpret_cast" "<" type-id ">" "(" expression ")"
   -> "const_cast" "<" type-id ">" "(" expression ")"
   -> "typeid" "(" expression ")"
   -> "typeid" "(" type-id ")")

(expression-list
   -> initializer-list)

(unary-expression
   -> postfix-expression
   -> unary-operator cast-expression
   -> "++" cast-expression
   -> "--" cast-expression
   -> await-expression
   -> "sizeof" unary-expression
   -> "sizeof" "(" type-id ")"
   -> "sizeof" "..." "(" :identifier ")"
   -> "alignof" "(" type-id ")"
   -> noexcept-expression
   -> new-expression
   -> delete-expression)

(unary-operator
   -> (or "*" "&" "+" "-" "!" "~"))

(await-expression
   -> "co_await" cast-expression)

(noexcept-expression
   -> "noexcept" "(" expression ")")

(new-expression
   -> (? "::") "new" (? new-placement) new-type-id (? new-initializer)
   -> (? "::") "new" (? new-placement) "(" type-id ")" (? new-initializer))

(new-placement
   -> "(" expression-list ")")

(new-type-id
   -> type-specifier-seq (? new-declarator))

(new-declarator
   -> ptr-operator (? new-declarator)
   -> noptr-new-declarator)

(noptr-new-declarator
   -> "[" (? expression) "]" (? attribute-specifier-seq)
   -> noptr-new-declarator "[" constant-expression "]" (? attribute-specifier-seq))

(new-initializer
   -> "(" (? expression-list) ")"
   -> braced-init-list)

(delete-expression
   -> (? "::") "delete" cast-expression
   -> (? "::") "delete" "[" "]" cast-expression)

(cast-expression
   -> unary-expression
   -> "(" type-id ")" cast-expression)

(pm-expression
   -> cast-expression
   -> pm-expression ".*" cast-expression
   -> pm-expression "->*" cast-expression)

(multiplicative-expression
   -> pm-expression
   -> multiplicative-expression "*" pm-expression
   -> multiplicative-expression "/" pm-expression
   -> multiplicative-expression "%" pm-expression)

(additive-expression
   -> multiplicative-expression
   -> additive-expression "+" multiplicative-expression
   -> additive-expression "-" multiplicative-expression)

(shift-expression
   -> additive-expression
   -> shift-expression "<<" additive-expression
   -> shift-expression ">>" additive-expression)

(compare-expression
   -> shift-expression
   -> compare-expression "<=>" shift-expression)

(relational-expression
   -> compare-expression
   -> relational-expression "<" compare-expression
   -> relational-expression ">" compare-expression
   -> relational-expression "<=" compare-expression
   -> relational-expression ">=" compare-expression)

(equality-expression
   -> relational-expression
   -> equality-expression "==" relational-expression
   -> equality-expression "!=" relational-expression)

(and-expression
   -> equality-expression
   -> and-expression "&" equality-expression)

(exclusive-or-expression
   -> and-expression
   -> exclusive-or-expression "^" and-expression)

(inclusive-or-expression
   -> exclusive-or-expression
   -> inclusive-or-expression "|" exclusive-or-expression)

(logical-and-expression
   -> inclusive-or-expression
   -> logical-and-expression "&&" inclusive-or-expression)

(logical-or-expression
   -> logical-and-expression
   -> logical-or-expression "||" logical-and-expression)

(conditional-expression
   -> logical-or-expression
   -> logical-or-expression "?" expression ":" assignment-expression)

(yield-expression
   -> "co_yield" assignment-expression
   -> "co_yield" braced-init-list)

(throw-expression
   -> "throw" (? assignment-expression))

(assignment-expression
   -> conditional-expression
   -> yield-expression
   -> throw-expression
   -> logical-or-expression assignment-operator initializer-clause)

(assignment-operator
   -> (or "=" "*=" "/=" "%=" "+=" "-=" ">>=" "<<=" "&=" "^=" "|="))

(expression
   -> assignment-expression
   -> expression "," assignment-expression)

(constant-expression
   -> conditional-expression)


;; Statements

(statement
   -> labeled-statement
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) expression-statement
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) compound-statement
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) selection-statement
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) iteration-statement
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) jump-statement
   -> declaration-statement
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) try-block)

(init-statement
   -> expression-statement
   -> simple-declaration
   -> alias-declaration)

(condition
   -> expression
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) decl-specifier-seq declarator brace-or-equal-initializer)

(label
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) :identifier ":"
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) "case" constant-expression ":"
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) "default" ":")

(labeled-statement
   -> label statement)

(expression-statement
   -> (? expression) ";")

(compound-statement
   -> "{" (? statement-seq) (? label-seq) "}")

(statement-seq
   -> statement
   -> statement-seq statement)

(label-seq
   -> label
   -> label-seq label)

(selection-statement
   -> "if" (? "constexpr") "(" (? init-statement) condition ")" statement
   -> "if" (? "constexpr") "(" (? init-statement) condition ")" statement "else" statement
   -> "if" (? "!") "consteval" compound-statement
   -> "if" (? "!") "consteval" compound-statement "else" statement
   -> "switch" "(" (? init-statement) condition ")" statement)

(iteration-statement
   -> "while" "(" condition ")" statement
   -> "do" statement "while" "(" expression ")" ";"
   -> "for" "(" init-statement (? condition) ";" (? expression) ")" statement
   -> "for" "(" (? init-statement) for-range-declaration ":" for-range-initializer ")" statement)

(for-range-declaration
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) decl-specifier-seq declarator
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) decl-specifier-seq (? ref-qualifier) "[" identifier-list "]")

(for-range-initializer
   -> expr-or-braced-init-list)

(jump-statement
   -> "break" ";"
   -> "continue" ";"
   -> "return" (? expr-or-braced-init-list) ";"
   -> coroutine-return-statement
   -> "goto" :identifier ";")

(coroutine-return-statement
   -> "co_return" (? expr-or-braced-init-list) ";")

(declaration-statement
   -> block-declaration)


;; Declarations

(declaration-seq
   -> declaration
   -> declaration-seq declaration)

(declaration
   -> name-declaration
   -> special-declaration)

(name-declaration
   -> block-declaration
   -> nodeclspec-function-declaration
   -> function-definition
   -> template-declaration
   -> deduction-guide
   -> linkage-specification
   -> namespace-definition
   -> empty-declaration
   -> attribute-declaration
   -> module-import-declaration)

(special-declaration
   -> explicit-instantiation
   -> explicit-specialization
   -> export-declaration)

(block-declaration
   -> simple-declaration
   -> asm-declaration
   -> namespace-alias-definition
   -> using-declaration
   -> using-enum-declaration
   -> using-directive
   -> static_assert-declaration
   -> alias-declaration
   -> opaque-enum-declaration)

(nodeclspec-function-declaration
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) declarator ";")

(alias-declaration
   -> "using" :identifier (? attribute-specifier-seq) "=" defining-type-id ";")

(simple-declaration
   -> decl-specifier-seq (? init-declarator-list) ";"
   -> attribute-specifier-seq decl-specifier-seq init-declarator-list ";"
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) decl-specifier-seq (? ref-qualifier) "[" identifier-list "]" initializer ";")

(static_assert-declaration
   -> "static_assert" "(" constant-expression ")" ";"
   -> "static_assert" "(" constant-expression "," :string-literal ")" ";")

(empty-declaration
   -> ";")

(attribute-declaration
   -> attribute-specifier-seq ";")

(decl-specifier
   -> storage-class-specifier
   -> defining-type-specifier
   -> function-specifier
   -> "friend"
   -> "typedef"
   -> "constexpr"
   -> "consteval"
   -> "constinit"
   -> "inline")

(decl-specifier-seq
   -> decl-specifier (? attribute-specifier-seq)
   -> decl-specifier decl-specifier-seq)

(storage-class-specifier
   -> "static"
   -> "thread_local"
   -> "extern"
   -> "mutable")

(function-specifier
   -> "virtual"
   -> explicit-specifier)

(explicit-specifier
   -> "explicit" "(" constant-expression ")"
   -> "explicit")

(typedef-name
   -> :identifier
   -> simple-template-id)

(type-specifier
   -> simple-type-specifier
   -> elaborated-type-specifier
   -> typename-specifier
   -> cv-qualifier)

(type-specifier-seq
   -> type-specifier (? attribute-specifier-seq)
   -> type-specifier type-specifier-seq)

(defining-type-specifier
   -> type-specifier
   -> class-specifier
   -> enum-specifier)

(defining-type-specifier-seq
   -> defining-type-specifier (? attribute-specifier-seq)
   -> defining-type-specifier defining-type-specifier-seq)

(simple-type-specifier
   -> (? nested-name-specifier) type-name
   -> nested-name-specifier "template" simple-template-id
   -> decltype-specifier
   -> placeholder-type-specifier
   -> (? nested-name-specifier) template-name
   -> "char"
   -> "char8_t"
   -> "char16_t"
   -> "char32_t"
   -> "wchar_t"
   -> "bool"
   -> "short"
   -> "int"
   -> "long"
   -> "signed"
   -> "unsigned"
   -> "float"
   -> "double"
   -> "void")

(type-name
   -> class-name
   -> enum-name
   -> typedef-name)

(elaborated-type-specifier
   -> class-key (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? nested-name-specifier) :identifier
   -> class-key simple-template-id
   -> class-key nested-name-specifier (? "template") simple-template-id
   -> "enum" (? nested-name-specifier) :identifier)

(decltype-specifier
   -> "decltype" "(" expression ")")

(placeholder-type-specifier
   -> (? type-constraint) "auto"
   -> (? type-constraint) "decltype" "(" "auto" ")")

(init-declarator-list
   -> init-declarator
   -> init-declarator-list "," init-declarator)

(init-declarator
   -> declarator (? initializer)
   -> declarator requires-clause)

(declarator
   -> ptr-declarator
   -> noptr-declarator parameters-and-qualifiers trailing-return-type)

(ptr-declarator
   -> noptr-declarator
   -> ptr-operator ptr-declarator)

(noptr-declarator
   -> declarator-id (? attribute-specifier-seq)
   -> noptr-declarator parameters-and-qualifiers
   -> noptr-declarator "[" (? constant-expression) "]" (? attribute-specifier-seq)
   -> "(" ptr-declarator ")")

(parameters-and-qualifiers
   -> "(" parameter-declaration-clause ")" (? cv-qualifier-seq) (? ref-qualifier) (? noexcept-specifier)
      (? attribute-specifier-seq))

(trailing-return-type
   -> "->" type-id)

(ptr-operator
   -> "*" (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? cv-qualifier-seq)
   -> "&" (? attribute-specifier-seq)
   -> "&&" (? attribute-specifier-seq)
   -> nested-name-specifier "*" (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? cv-qualifier-seq))

(cv-qualifier-seq
   -> cv-qualifier (? cv-qualifier-seq))

(cv-qualifier
   -> "const"
   -> "volatile")

(ref-qualifier
   -> "&"
   -> "&&")

(declarator-id
   -> (? "...") id-expression)

(type-id
   -> type-specifier-seq (? abstract-declarator))

(defining-type-id
   -> defining-type-specifier-seq (? abstract-declarator))

(abstract-declarator
   -> ptr-abstract-declarator
   -> (? noptr-abstract-declarator) parameters-and-qualifiers trailing-return-type
   -> abstract-pack-declarator)

(ptr-abstract-declarator
   -> noptr-abstract-declarator
   -> ptr-operator (? ptr-abstract-declarator))

(noptr-abstract-declarator
   -> (? noptr-abstract-declarator) parameters-and-qualifiers
   -> (? noptr-abstract-declarator) "[" (? constant-expression) "]" (? attribute-specifier-seq)
   -> "(" ptr-abstract-declarator ")")

(abstract-pack-declarator
   -> noptr-abstract-pack-declarator
   -> ptr-operator abstract-pack-declarator)

(noptr-abstract-pack-declarator
   -> noptr-abstract-pack-declarator parameters-and-qualifiers
   -> noptr-abstract-pack-declarator "[" (? constant-expression) "]" (? attribute-specifier-seq)
   -> "...")

(parameter-declaration-clause
   -> (? parameter-declaration-list) (? "...")
   -> parameter-declaration-list "," "...")

(parameter-declaration-list
   -> parameter-declaration
   -> parameter-declaration-list "," parameter-declaration)

(parameter-declaration
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? "this") decl-specifier-seq declarator
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) decl-specifier-seq declarator "=" initializer-clause
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? "this") decl-specifier-seq (? abstract-declarator)
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) decl-specifier-seq (? abstract-declarator) "=" initializer-clause)

(initializer
   -> brace-or-equal-initializer
   -> "(" expression-list ")")

(brace-or-equal-initializer
   -> "=" initializer-clause
   -> braced-init-list)

(initializer-clause
   -> assignment-expression
   -> braced-init-list)

(braced-init-list
   -> "{" initializer-list (? ",") "}"
   -> "{" designated-initializer-list (? ",") "}"
   -> "{" "}")

(initializer-list
   -> initializer-clause (? "...")
   -> initializer-list "," initializer-clause (? "..."))

(designated-initializer-list
   -> designated-initializer-clause
   -> designated-initializer-list "," designated-initializer-clause)

(designated-initializer-clause
   -> designator brace-or-equal-initializer)

(designator
   -> "." :identifier)

(expr-or-braced-init-list
   -> expression
   -> braced-init-list)

(function-definition
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? decl-specifier-seq) declarator (? virt-specifier-seq) function-body
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? decl-specifier-seq) declarator requires-clause function-body)

(function-body
   -> (? ctor-initializer) compound-statement
   -> function-try-block
   -> "=" "default" ";"
   -> "=" "delete" ";")

(enum-name
   -> :identifier)

(enum-specifier
   -> enum-head "{" (? enumerator-list) "}"
   -> enum-head "{" enumerator-list "," "}")

(enum-head
   -> enum-key (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? enum-head-name) (? enum-base))

(enum-head-name
   -> (? nested-name-specifier) :identifier)

(opaque-enum-declaration
   -> enum-key (? attribute-specifier-seq) enum-head-name (? enum-base) ";")

(enum-key
   -> "enum"
   -> "enum" "class"
   -> "enum" "struct")

(enum-base
   -> ":" type-specifier-seq)

(enumerator-list
   -> enumerator-definition
   -> enumerator-list "," enumerator-definition)

(enumerator-definition
   -> enumerator
   -> enumerator "=" constant-expression)

(enumerator
   -> :identifier (? attribute-specifier-seq))

(using-enum-declaration
   -> "using" "enum" using-enum-declarator ";")

(using-enum-declarator
   -> (? nested-name-specifier) :identifier
   -> (? nested-name-specifier) simple-template-id)

(namespace-name
   -> :identifier
   -> namespace-alias)

(namespace-definition
   -> named-namespace-definition
   -> unnamed-namespace-definition
   -> nested-namespace-definition)

(named-namespace-definition
   -> (? "inline") "namespace" (? attribute-specifier-seq) :identifier "{" namespace-body "}")

(unnamed-namespace-definition
   -> (? "inline") "namespace" (? attribute-specifier-seq) "{" namespace-body "}")

(nested-namespace-definition
   -> "namespace" enclosing-namespace-specifier "::" (? "inline") :identifier "{" namespace-body "}")

(enclosing-namespace-specifier
   -> :identifier
   -> enclosing-namespace-specifier "::" (? "inline") :identifier)

(namespace-body
   -> (? declaration-seq))

(namespace-alias
   -> :identifier)

(namespace-alias-definition
   -> "namespace" :identifier "=" qualified-namespace-specifier ";")

(qualified-namespace-specifier
   -> (? nested-name-specifier) namespace-name)

(using-directive
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) "using" "namespace" (? nested-name-specifier) namespace-name ";")

(using-declaration
   -> "using" using-declarator-list ";")

(using-declarator-list
   -> using-declarator (? "...")
   -> using-declarator-list "," using-declarator (? "..."))

(using-declarator
   -> (? "typename") nested-name-specifier unqualified-id)

(asm-declaration
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) "asm" "(" :string-literal ")" ";")

(linkage-specification
   -> "extern" :string-literal "{" (? declaration-seq) "}"
   -> "extern" :string-literal name-declaration)

(attribute-specifier-seq
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) attribute-specifier)

(attribute-specifier
   -> "[" "[" (? attribute-using-prefix) attribute-list "]" "]"
   -> alignment-specifier)

(alignment-specifier
   -> "alignas" "(" type-id (? "...") ")"
   -> "alignas" "(" constant-expression (? "...") ")")

(attribute-using-prefix
   -> "using" attribute-namespace ":")

(attribute-list
   -> (? attribute)
   -> attribute-list "," (? attribute)
   -> attribute "..."
   -> attribute-list "," attribute "...")

(attribute
   -> attribute-token (? attribute-argument-clause))

(attribute-token
   -> :identifier
   -> attribute-scoped-token)

(attribute-scoped-token
   -> attribute-namespace "::" :identifier)

(attribute-namespace
   -> :identifier)

(attribute-argument-clause
   -> "(" (? balanced-token-seq) ")")

(balanced-token-seq
   -> balanced-token
   -> balanced-token-seq balanced-token)

(balanced-token
   -> "(" (? balanced-token-seq) ")"
   -> "[" (? balanced-token-seq) "]"
   -> "{" (? balanced-token-seq) "}"
   -> x-any-but-bracket)


;; Classes

(class-name
   -> :identifier
   -> simple-template-id)

(class-specifier
   -> class-head "{" (? member-specification) "}")

(class-head
   -> class-key (? attribute-specifier-seq) class-head-name (? class-virt-specifier) (? base-clause)
   -> class-key (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? base-clause))

(class-head-name
   -> (? nested-name-specifier) class-name)

(class-virt-specifier
   -> "final")

(class-key
   -> "class"
   -> "struct"
   -> "union")

(member-specification
   -> member-declaration (? member-specification)
   -> access-specifier ":" (? member-specification))

(member-declaration
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) (? decl-specifier-seq) (? member-declarator-list) ";"
   -> function-definition
   -> using-declaration
   -> using-enum-declaration
   -> static_assert-declaration
   -> template-declaration
   -> explicit-specialization
   -> deduction-guide
   -> alias-declaration
   -> opaque-enum-declaration
   -> empty-declaration)

(member-declarator-list
   -> member-declarator
   -> member-declarator-list "," member-declarator)

(member-declarator
   -> declarator (? virt-specifier-seq) (? pure-specifier)
   -> declarator requires-clause
   -> declarator (? brace-or-equal-initializer)
   -> (? :identifier) (? attribute-specifier-seq) ":" constant-expression (? brace-or-equal-initializer))

(virt-specifier-seq
   -> virt-specifier
   -> virt-specifier-seq virt-specifier)

(virt-specifier
   -> "override"
   -> "final")

(pure-specifier
   -> "=" "0")

(conversion-function-id
   -> "operator" conversion-type-id)

(conversion-type-id
   -> type-specifier-seq (? conversion-declarator))

(conversion-declarator
   -> ptr-operator (? conversion-declarator))

(base-clause
   -> ":" base-specifier-list)

(base-specifier-list
   -> base-specifier (? "...")
   -> base-specifier-list "," base-specifier (? "..."))

(base-specifier
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) class-or-decltype
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) "virtual" (? access-specifier) class-or-decltype
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) access-specifier (? "virtual") class-or-decltype)

(class-or-decltype
   -> (? nested-name-specifier) type-name
   -> nested-name-specifier "template" simple-template-id
   -> decltype-specifier)

(access-specifier
   -> "private"
   -> "protected"
   -> "public")

(ctor-initializer
   -> ":" mem-initializer-list)

(mem-initializer-list
   -> mem-initializer (? "...")
   -> mem-initializer-list "," mem-initializer (? "..."))

(mem-initializer
   -> mem-initializer-id "(" (? expression-list) ")"
   -> mem-initializer-id braced-init-list)

(mem-initializer-id
   -> class-or-decltype
   -> :identifier)


;; Overloading

(operator-function-id
   -> "operator" operator)

(operator
   -> (or "new"
          "delete"
          "new[]"
          "delete[]"
          "co_await"
          "()"
          "[]"
          "->"
          "->*"
          "~"
          "!"
          "+"
          "-"
          "*"
          "/"
          "%"
          "^"
          "&"
          "|"
          "="
          "+="
          "-="
          "*="
          "/="
          "%="
          "^="
          "&="
          "|="
          "=="
          "!="
          "<"
          ">"
          "<="
          ">="
          "<=>"
          "&&"
          "||"
          "<<"
          ">>"
          "<<="
          ">>="
          "++"
          "--"
          ","))

(literal-operator-id
   -> "operator" :string-literal :identifier
   -> "operator" :user-defined-string-literal)


;; Templates

(template-declaration
   -> template-head declaration
   -> template-head concept-definition)

(template-head
   -> "template" "<" template-parameter-list ">" (? requires-clause))

(template-parameter-list
   -> template-parameter
   -> template-parameter-list "," template-parameter)

(requires-clause
   -> "requires" constraint-logical-or-expression)

(constraint-logical-or-expression
   -> constraint-logical-and-expression
   -> constraint-logical-or-expression "||" constraint-logical-and-expression)

(constraint-logical-and-expression
   -> primary-expression
   -> constraint-logical-and-expression "&&" primary-expression)

(template-parameter
   -> type-parameter
   -> parameter-declaration)

(type-parameter
   -> type-parameter-key (? "...") (? :identifier)
   -> type-parameter-key (? :identifier) "=" type-id
   -> type-constraint (? "...") (? :identifier)
   -> type-constraint (? :identifier) "=" type-id
   -> template-head type-parameter-key (? "...") (? :identifier)
   -> template-head type-parameter-key (? :identifier) "=" id-expression)

(type-parameter-key
   -> "class"
   -> "typename")

(type-constraint
   -> (? nested-name-specifier) concept-name
   -> (? nested-name-specifier) concept-name "<" (? template-argument-list) ">")

(simple-template-id
   -> template-name "<" (? template-argument-list) ">")

(template-id
   -> simple-template-id
   -> operator-function-id "<" (? template-argument-list) ">"
   -> literal-operator-id "<" (? template-argument-list) ">")

(template-name
   -> :identifier)

(template-argument-list
   -> template-argument (? "...")
   -> template-argument-list "," template-argument (? "..."))

(template-argument
   -> constant-expression
   -> type-id
   -> id-expression)

(constraint-expression
   -> logical-or-expression)

(deduction-guide
   -> (? explicit-specifier) template-name "(" parameter-declaration-clause ")" "->" simple-template-id ";")

(concept-definition
   -> "concept" concept-name (? attribute-specifier-seq) "=" constraint-expression ";")

(concept-name
   -> :identifier)

(typename-specifier
   -> "typename" nested-name-specifier :identifier
   -> "typename" nested-name-specifier (? "template") simple-template-id)

(explicit-instantiation
   -> (? "extern") "template" declaration)

(explicit-specialization
   -> "template" "<" ">" declaration)


;; Exception handling

(try-block
   -> "try" compound-statement handler-seq)

(function-try-block
   -> "try" (? ctor-initializer) compound-statement handler-seq)

(handler-seq
   -> handler (? handler-seq))

(handler
   -> "catch" "(" exception-declaration ")" compound-statement)

(exception-declaration
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) type-specifier-seq declarator
   -> (? attribute-specifier-seq) type-specifier-seq (? abstract-declarator)
   -> "...")

(noexcept-specifier
   -> "noexcept" "(" constant-expression ")"
   -> "noexcept")